August 16, 2017
In the not-so-distant past, Canadian enforcement of its anti-corruption and anti-bribery legal regime has been relatively laid-back. But the last few years signals Canadian companies that the Canadian government has gotten serious about anti-corruption enforcement. June 2013 amendments to the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CPFOA) expanding its scope and reach and June 2015 implementation of the Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA), have joined the existing Criminal Code of Canada’s anti-corruption provisions to form Canada’s anti-corruption legal regime. If they haven’t already done so, it’s time for Canadian companies, particularly those doing business internationally, to get equally serious about the legal exposure that anti-corruption laws pose and to implement an anti-corruption compliance program to manage those risks.
Here’s an overview of Canada’s anti-corruption legal regime, three reasons why corporations should take anti-corruption compliance seriously, and how to implement an anti-corruption compliance program to manage the legal risks.
CANADA’S ANTI-CORRUPTION LEGAL REGIME
Canada’s anti-corruption legal regime is comprised primarily of three laws dealing directly with domestic and foreign bribery and corruption.
1. The Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA)
The CPFOA is the centerpiece of Canada’s anti-corruption legal regime in the international context.
OECD Anti-bribery Convention. For many years, international institutions such as the United Nations and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), an inter-governmental body with the mission to promote policies that improve the economic and social well-being of people around the world, have encouraged developed countries to heighten supply-side anti-corruption enforcement. In 1997, Canada signed onto the OECD’s Anti-bribery Convention in a move to join other G8 members in combating corruption and widespread bribery known to occur in international transactions. The OECD Convention serves as a template for countries to establish their own anti-corruption laws. Countries that have enacted anti-corruption legislation include the United States (Foreign Corrupt Practices Act), the United Kingdom (Bribery Act 2010) as well as the People’s Republic of China, Mexico, Japan, Germany, South Korea, Hong Kong, the Netherlands and France.
CFPOA. In February 1999, the Canadian government implemented the OECD Anti-bribery Convention by enacting the Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act (CFPOA). The CFPOA is meant to prevent Canadian entities and their agents from bribing foreign officials, and as a tool to strengthen the Canadian government’s objective of anti-corruption enforcement. Before the CFPOA took effect, it wasn’t illegal for Canadian citizens or entities to offer bribes to foreign public officials; the CFPOA changed that: it became an indictable offence to:
In 2004, the OECD’s Phase 2 Report on the Application of the OECD’s Anti-bribery Convention identified a number of perceived legislative deficiencies on Canada’s implementation of its obligations under the Convention via the CFPOA. In response, the Canadian government drafted Bill C-31, which died in the committee stage. In 2013 the Canadian government introduced Bill S-14, in another attempt to address the criticisms in the OECD’s Report. On June 19, 2013, Bill S-14 and its amendments to the CFPOA took effect, with one exception, the key amendments being:
Expanding Canada’s jurisdiction for prosecution of offences. One of the key amendments to the CFPOA, section 5 greatly expands the law’s reach, strengthening Canada’s ability to further its anti-corruption objective: any corporation formed under the laws of Canada is now exposed to prosecution for their activities regarding the corruption of foreign officials in foreign jurisdictions. Before section 5, the CFPOA limited the law’s reach to conduct with a “significant and real” connection to Canada. Section 5 of the CFPOA now makes it clear that the CFPOA applies to all Canadian citizens, permanent residents and Canadian entities (public body, corporation, association, company, firm or partnership incorporated, formed or organized under federal or provincial Canadian law) – and their agents – whether the offence is committed in Canada or in a foreign jurisdiction.
As in all criminal matters, the prosecution must prove all essential elements of the alleged offences under the CFPOA beyond a reasonable doubt. But unlike most criminal matters, there’s no limitation period by which the Crown must lay a charge for a CFPOA violation.
2. Criminal Code of Canada
Three key Criminal Code of Canada provisions are intended to combat domestic bribery and corruption – and just like CFPOA offences, there’s no limitation period on these Criminal Code offences either:
Bribery of judicial officers, etc. Section 119(1)(b) makes it an indictable criminal offence for an individual to give or offer any money, valuable consideration, office, or place of employment to a member of the judiciary, Parliament, or legislature of a province, in respect of anything done or omitted to be done by that person in connection with any government business.
Frauds on the government. Section 121 makes it an offence to give or offer any “official” a benefit of any kind as consideration for cooperation, assistance, exercise of influence, or act or omission in connection with any government business. Section 118 of the Code defines “official” as any person who holds an office or is appointed or elected to discharge a public duty.
Fraudulent concealment. Section 341 of the Code is essentially a “cook the books” provision: it makes it an indictable offence for anyone to fraudulently take, obtain, remove or conceal anything.
The Code’s language extends these offences to capture indirect benefits or offers, as well as benefits or offers to family members of “officials” or other office holders.
3. Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA)
In 2013, the Canadian government announced to G8 members Canada’s commitment to establishing a mandatory disclosure regime for the resource extraction industry. The Resource Revenue Transparency Working Group’s 2014 report recommended all public companies listed on Canadian stock exchanges disclose all payments made to foreign governments during all stages of the project life cycle. On June 1, 2015, in furtherance of this report, the Extractive Sector Transparency Measures Act (ESTMA) took effect. ESTMA serves as both a detection and a deterrence mechanism aimed at fighting corruption in the extractive resource sector through increased financial transparency.
3 REASONS WHY ANTI-CORRUPTION LAW COMPLIANCE IS CRITICAL
Non-compliance with laws is, of course, always a source of liability exposure, though the risk and the extent of that exposure varies. In the case of anti-corruption law compliance, the risk is high and the liability exposure substantial:
1. Criminal enforcement is on the up & up
In 2008, the RCMP established its International Anti-Corruption Unit dedicated to raising awareness about and enforcing the CFPOA. The Unit is a member of the International Foreign Bribery Taskforce (IFBT), an international taskforce assembled to fight foreign bribery, and includes the FBI, the Australian Federal Police, the United Kingdom National Crime Agency (NCA) and the RCMP. The 2013 Bill S-14 amendments to CFPOA gave the RCMP exclusive jurisdiction to investigate and lay charges under the CFPOA. This enforcement authority, combined with the section 5 amendments extending CFPOA’s geographic jurisdiction, considerably extends the RCMP’s reach. In 2011, the RCMP’s Anti-Corruption Unit had zero ongoing investigations under CFPOA; on July 11, 2017, the Financial Post’s “Appellate court ruling shows Canada’s anti-bullying law has teeth”, reported that the Unit had 40 ongoing investigations.
2. So is the corporate (& personal) criminal liability exposure
The consequences to which violating Canada’s anti-corruption/anti-bribery legal regime exposes an organization – and its members – are significant.
Imprisonment. Both the CFPOA and the Criminal Code provide for imprisonment of guilty individuals:
Courts are willing to impose imprisonment for violations. For example, in R. v. Karigar, a case the Ontario Court of Appeal confirmed in July 2017, Mr. Karigar was convicted of conspiring with several individuals associated with a Canadian corporation to offer bribes to government officials and businessmen in India to win a multi-million dollar contract contrary to CFPOA section 3(1)(b). The court sentenced him to imprisonment for three years after weighing the mitigating factors (the accused cooperated with the prosecution, had no prior criminal involvement, and the bribery scheme was a complete failure i.e., no benefits were obtained) and the aggravating factors (the scheme was sophisticated and well-planned, $450,000 was advanced during Karigar’s involvement, Karigar’s sense of entitlement, and he led the conspiracy). At the time, the maximum prison sentence under the CFPOA was five years; since the Bill S-14 amendments, the maximum is now 14 years.
Fines. Since corporations can’t be imprisoned, both CFPOA and ESTMA also empower courts to issue fines on both corporations and on individuals:
3. Don’t forget about civil (contractual) liability exposure
As anti-corruption enforcement gains momentum, so too do efforts to avoid related liability. There are two main sources of such contractual liability.
Agency Relationships. More and more companies are incorporating an “anti-corruption” clause in their agreements to protect them when they retain contractors or third parties, particularly in foreign jurisdictions. An anti-corruption clause is intended to shield each party from liability if the other engages in “corrupt” conduct: generally, each party gives a legally binding contractual promise (a representation and/or warranty) that they have not and will not in the future be involved in corrupt activities in relation to the contract. If one does so, the clause typically allows the other party to suspend or terminate the contract or claim monetary compensation from the other. A company retaining an agent or a third party can (and should) use an anti-corruption clause in its contracts to shield it from the potentially significant corruption liability as a result of an agent’s activities. But such clauses can equally be a sword against that same company: it will also have obligations – and potential liability – under the contract if it breaches the anti-corruption clause. Similarly, companies that act as an agent or third party contractor should expect to see an anti-corruption clause in their agreements with their clients, and be prepared to comply or risk contractual, as well as criminal, liability.
Predecessors. An entity that acquires or joins a target entity, such as via a merger and acquisition deal or a joint venture, might be acquiring more than it bargained for: that target entity’s liability for prior corrupt activities in which it – or its agent – was involved. Due diligence into not just the target of the deal but also into any of its agents, both current and past, as well as contractual clauses to deal with any such successor liability, are critical to avoid the potentially significant liabilities it could bring into the deal.
5 ANTI-CORRUPTION COMPLIANCE PROGRAM TIPS
Anti-corruption and anti-bribery law compliance starts just as all compliance programs do: with due diligence and a systematic approach. Here’s a five-step plan to help companies get started with an anti-corruption compliance plan.
1. Make it a (priority) corporate governance matter
The liability exposure for legal risks is generally high and getting higher; take, for example, cyber security risks, oppression risks and occupational health and safety risks (to name a few). Some are sufficiently significant to warrant high-level attention; this is one of them. The risks of criminal, financial and civil liability are high for certain businesses – and don’t discount the impact of negative media scrutiny if there is an alleged violation of anti-corruption laws. The exercise of due diligence in complying with anti-corruption laws will go far in preventing any violations from occurring in the first place, and to mitigating the exposure to the attendant risks if one does occur. If you’re in a business with any exposure, assign this to a board member or committee as an important and a priority project, allocate the necessary resources to do the job and visibly support (and follow) it. And document every step you take, starting now.
2. Get a good handle on your legal compliance obligations
A general appreciation that bribery is illegal isn’t enough. A relatively deep understanding of what specific conduct the law considers to be corrupt is necessary: what acts breach the laws, by whom, and where. And don’t forget that you might also be subject to the laws of other countries, so this process should include an understanding of what “foreign” laws apply to your operations and the legal obligations those laws impose on you. Without this knowledge, it will be impossible to accurately assess your current situation and to identify and address any gaps – and mitigate your potential liability.
3. Assess your current situation
Once you know your obligations, conduct a detailed risk assessment to figure out what you have and what you need, and consider whether to retain legal counsel to help to process, potentially protecting it with legal privilege. This includes:
4. Fill in the gaps
When you know what’s missing, take steps to fill in any of the gaps your assessment identified, including:
5. Implement the Program
Once the Program components are ready, roll it out:
There’s no shortage of resources on anti-corruption compliance programs, including the list of “key elements” of an anti-corruption program on the RCMP’s website.
Please contact your McInnes Cooper lawyer or any member of the Corporate Governance & Compliance Team @ McInnes Cooper to discuss this topic or any other legal issue.
McInnes Cooper has prepared this document for information only; it is not intended to be legal advice. You should consult McInnes Cooper about your unique circumstances before acting on this information. McInnes Cooper excludes all liability for anything contained in this document and any use you make of it.
© McInnes Cooper, 2017. All rights reserved. McInnes Cooper owns the copyright in this document. You may reproduce and distribute this document in its entirety as long as you do not alter the form or the content and you give McInnes Cooper credit for it. You must obtain McInnes Cooper’s consent for any other form of reproduction or distribution. Email us at [email protected] to request our consent.
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May 2, 2016
Amendments changing the early warning reporting system take effect on May 9, 2016, provided all necessary approvals are obtained (except in…
May 2, 2016
Amendments changing the early warning reporting system take effect on May 9, 2016, provided all necessary approvals are obtained (except in…
May 2, 2016
We updated this publication on May 8, 2023. “Due diligence” is a legal defence to many charges under occupational health and safety (OHS)…
Apr 21, 2016
On April 15, 2016, Bill No. 149, The Mineral Resources Act (2016) (2016 Act), passed its second reading in the NS House of Assembly. Although…
Apr 19, 2016
On April 14, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada decided that Métis and “non-status Indians” are “Indians” under section 91(24) of the…
Apr 15, 2016
On April 14, 2016, Canada’s federal Justice Minister proposed legislation setting out the conditions that a person wishing to undergo…
Mar 24, 2016
When a business responds to a public sector Request for Proposal or Expression of Interest (both of which we’ll refer to as an RFP for these…
Mar 9, 2016
On January 11, 2016, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice sentenced a front-line supervisor to imprisonment for 3½ years for four counts of…
Feb 15, 2016
On February 26, 2016, the bulk of the offshore-related amendments of the Energy Safety and Security Act (ESSA, formerly known as Bill C-22) take…
Feb 1, 2016
On January 29, 2016, the New Brunswick Power Corporation (NB Power) kicked-off compliance with its obligations under the new Electricity from…
Jan 18, 2016
Things have gotten a bit easier for venture issuers, such as those listed on the TSX Venture Exchange, with recent changes to their obligations.…
Dec 21, 2015
A practical and current guide created to help you navigate the increasingly important issues surrounding offshore decommissioning and…
Oct 23, 2015
Incorporation offers legal advantages to sole proprietors of small businesses, including certain tax advantages. However, when a corporation…
Oct 19, 2015
Access to sufficient capital to fund operations, research and development, and other costs is a key challenge for start-ups and for some small…
Sep 8, 2015
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea requires parties, of which Canada is one, to make payments in respect of oil production on…
Jul 30, 2015
Note: On June 9, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed the National Alliance’s application for leave to appeal the New Brunswick Court…
Jul 17, 2015
On the heels of National Aboriginal Day, we pause to take a look back at two significant Aboriginal law cases decided in the last year, how…
Jul 10, 2015
On April 15, 2015, British Columbia’s Court of Appeal confirmed that First Nations can make certain legal claims grounded in Aboriginal rights…
Jun 25, 2015
We updated this publication on May 9, 2023. Most people know a company itself has occupational health and safety (OHS) obligations and risks…
May 25, 2015
We updated this publication on July 21, 2022. Every party to a Right of Way has some idea of what that Right of Way is – but many times,…
Apr 2, 2015
The market for the sale and the supply of goods is a global one for many businesses in today’s economy. Both exporting goods from Canada and…
Mar 30, 2015
Hindsight is 20/20. Lawyers can’t always predict the outcome of a legal claim. But when a dispute between an investment client and her…
Mar 3, 2015
Snow can be a big nuisance at this time of year, but snow load - the weight of the snow, usually measured in pounds per square foot - can be…
Feb 9, 2015
NOTE: On April 14, 2016, the federal government proposed legislation setting out the conditions that a person wishing to undergo…
Dec 10, 2014
“Corporate Social Responsibility” (CSR) as a concept has been floating around in business-speak for years – but stakeholders in the mining…
Dec 1, 2014
The construction industry - project owners, contractors, subcontractors and trades - might be relaxing, ignoring the hype around Canada’s…
Nov 27, 2014
Recently, the NS Court of Appeal confirmed that a union can be certified as the bargaining agent of employees based merely on their dependence…
Oct 14, 2014
CASL’s anti-spam sections came into force on July 1, 2014. Every organization that CASL affects should now be complying with it – and their…
Sep 16, 2014
This publication has been updated as at August 25, 2022. Many believe that only public companies or large, established companies with many…
Sep 11, 2014
The Canadian federal government has been concerned for some time about “treaty shopping” by non-residents – the practice of non-residents…
Aug 1, 2014
Most Canadians have heard about Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL): we’ve been bombarded with “CASL Compliant” emails asking us to…
Jun 26, 2014
On June 26, 2014, in its groundbreaking decision on Aboriginal title in Read the SCC’s decision in Tsilhqot’in Nation v. B.C., 2014 SCC 44,…
Jun 11, 2014
Note: For an update on Crowdfunding, read: New Kid on the Block – Crowdfunding Joins Traditional Equity-Based Funding Options for Start-ups…
Apr 29, 2014
Lenders are often faced with a situation where a customer (Borrower) approaches them for funds to complete an acquisition of the shares of a…
Nov 1, 2013
Recent decisions of securities regulators and amendments to Canadian securities laws demonstrate regulators' lowered tolerance for insiders who…
Aug 28, 2013
A general security agreement (GSA) is the most common form of personal property security used in the Atlantic Provinces to secure commercial…
May 21, 2013
In its April 2013 decision in Re Stan, the Alberta Securities Commission provides issuers with a practical approach to the assessment of both a…
Feb 8, 2013
While much of the developed world struggles with debt and chronically low growth, Canada, one of the best-performing members of the G-7,…
Aug 27, 2012
Introduction and Purpose Staff of the Canadian Securities Administrators (CSA Staff or we) are publishing this Staff Notice (the Notice) to…
Jun 1, 2012
Multilateral Instrument 51-105, Issuers Quoted in the U.S. Over-the-Counter Markets will come into effect on July 31, 2012. Once effective,…
Dec 22, 2011
On May 26, 2010, the Canadian federal government released the proposed Canadian Securities Act (the Act) which would, among other things, create…
Nov 1, 2011
Entrepreneurs need to be ready for due diligence, so it’s essential to involve legal advisors and accountants early in the process. Click…
Oct 6, 2011
In 2009 Canadian securities regulators changed the rules relating to securities “registration” – these rules determine who is required to…
Apr 6, 2010
Carole Chan was the Co-author of the following publication: A Review of the Project Scope and Environmental Assessment Scope for Mining and…
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