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Home > Our Insights > Like it or Not: Supreme Court of Canada decides class action against Facebook can go ahead in B.C. – despite its terms of use in Douez v. Facebook, Inc.
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Like it or Not: Supreme Court of Canada decides class action against Facebook can go ahead in B.C. – despite its terms of use in Douez v. Facebook, Inc.

Published:

June 23, 2017

Author(s):

  • David Fraser

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On June 23, 2017, the Supreme Court of Canada decided that in a contest between the choice of forum clause in Facebook’s online terms of use and the B.C. Privacy Act’s requirement that lawsuits under it be heard in the B.C. court, the B.C. Privacy Act prevails – and a class action against Facebook can proceed in B.C. despite Facebook’s choice of forum clause. The decision in Douez v. Facebook, Inc. will significantly affect the legal risks of Business to Consumer (B2C) companies, especially those with online operations, doing business across international or provincial borders:

Consumer Protection. Its reasoning will likely apply in any other consumer protection contexts in which the relevant provincial law requires a dispute to be heard by a local court. Companies regularly use choice of law and choice of forum clauses in contracts (also in the form of online terms of use) as a legal risk and cost management tool by choosing where any disputes against them will be litigated, allowing them to select the location that’s most familiar, convenient, cost-effective and/or advantageous to them. For many such companies, this decision makes choice of law clauses cold comfort. Beyond being aware of the risks of statutory lawsuits in those Canadian provinces in which they do business, and mindful of how operations expose them to those legal risks, there could be little they can do about it.

Statutory Invasion of Privacy.  Only a handful of provinces have a statutory tort (private right of action for a civil wrong) for invasion of privacy like that under the B.C. Privacy Act, and only those of Newfoundland and Labrador and Saskatchewan include provisions conferring exclusive jurisdiction on a local court.

Negotiated Contracts. This decision was in the context of a “take it or leave it” consumer contract with unequal bargaining power between the parties, so its reasoning might not apply to a negotiated contract.

Facebook Inc., a U.S. corporation, generates most of its revenue from advertising. Starting in 2011, when a Facebook member “likes” a post relating to a Facebook advertiser, Facebook sometimes features that member’s name and/or likeness with the advertiser’s logo and other product or service information in a “Sponsored Story” and sends it to that member’s Facebook contacts. A Facebook user from B.C. started a class action lawsuit against Facebook in B.C. claiming Facebook featured her in a Sponsored Story without her consent, and thus constituted a private right of action created by section 3(2) of the B.C. Privacy Act; the proposed class includes all B.C. residents whose name or picture Facebook used in Sponsored Stories (about 1.8 million people). Facebook defended on the basis it had its users’ express or implied consent through its terms of use, other website disclosure, and a user’s actions such as their privacy settings; it also argued the B.C. court should refuse jurisdiction over the lawsuit because all members must agree to Facebook’s terms of use – including that all disputes be resolved in California under California law. The B.C. trial court accepted jurisdiction and certified the member’s lawsuit as a class action. Facebook appealed and the Appeal Court decided Facebook’s choice of law and forum clauses should be enforced, and stayed (halted) the lawsuit. The user appealed further to the Supreme Court of Canada.

In a close decision, four of the seven Supreme Court justices decided that the contest between the B.C. Privacy Act, and Facebook’s choice of forum clause in its online terms of use, is decided by the two part test established by the Court in its 2003 decision in Z.I. Pompey Industrie v. ECU-Line N.V. Applying the test, the Court decided the B.C. Privacy Act overrides Facebook’s online choice of forum clause:

Clear Clause. The party seeking a stay in the Canadian court in favour of another venue (in this case, Facebook and California) must establish the clause is valid, clear and enforceable and applies to the lawsuit before the court. The majority of the Court decided Facebook’s choice of forum clause met this hurdle.

Strong Cause Not To Enforce. If the first hurdle is overcome, the onus then shifts to the plaintiff, who must show strong cause why the court should not enforce the contractual choice of forum clause – and in this case, the plaintiff did so:

  • Unequal Bargaining Power. This claim involves a consumer “contract of adhesion” between an individual consumer and a large corporation, and a statutory cause of action implicating British Columbians’ “quasi-constitutional” privacy rights. There is gross inequality of bargaining power between the parties and individual consumers have little choice but to accept Facebook’s terms of use.
  • Essential Rights at Stake. Canadian courts have a greater interest in adjudicating cases impinging on constitutional and quasi-constitutional rights because they are essential in a free and democratic society and embody key Canadian values. This dispute requires an interpretation of a tort under privacy legislation – and only a local court’s interpretation will provide clarity and certainty about the scope of the rights to others in the province. Furthermore, a B.C. court is better placed to determine the scope and intent of the B.C. law, even if a California court would apply the B.C. privacy legislation in a lawsuit started there.
  • Convenience. As an additional factor, the Court concluded that it’s more convenient for Facebook to defend the lawsuit in B.C. than to require the claimant to sue in California.

Please contact your McInnes Cooper lawyer or any member of the Privacy Team @ McInnes Cooper to discuss this topic or any other legal issue.


McInnes Cooper has prepared this document for information only; it is not intended to be legal advice. You should consult McInnes Cooper about your unique circumstances before acting on this information. McInnes Cooper excludes all liability for anything contained in this document and any use you make of it.

© McInnes Cooper, 2017. All rights reserved. McInnes Cooper owns the copyright in this document. You may reproduce and distribute this document in its entirety as long as you do not alter the form or the content and you give McInnes Cooper credit for it. You must obtain McInnes Cooper’s consent for any other form of reproduction or distribution. Email us at [email protected] to request our consent.

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  • Daniel Watt and Sara Mahaney in Gard Update: Legal privilege in the corporate context in Canada

    Apr 6, 2017

    Adding a third jurisdiction to Gard Update’s comparison between privilege in the corporate context under U.S. and English law, McInnes Cooper…

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  • Register Before You Lobby in N.B. under Lobbyists’ Registration Act

    Apr 5, 2017

    NOTE: Consultants who were already lobbying and in-house lobbyists already employed by an organization when the new Act took effect were…

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  • 5 Steps for Compliant Disclosure on Social Media

    Mar 30, 2017

    Social media platforms, like Instagram, Twitter, LinkedIn, YouTube, Facebook and GooglePlus, arguably have more followers and are more closely…

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  • Information Technology (IT) Contracts: 3 Key Lessons for Customers & Service Providers

    Mar 30, 2017

    There are very few examples of a Canadian court interpreting and opining on the provisions of an information technology contract. So the Ontario…

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  • Dust Off Your Limitation Defence: Court of Appeal Doesn’t Apply Extended Limitation Period in Yarmouth (District) v Nickerson

    Mar 15, 2017

    On March 9, 2017, the N.S. Court of Appeal stopped building inspection claims in their tracks when it decided that a defence based section…

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  • Cyber Security: A 5-Step Data Breach Risk Mitigation Plan for Corporate Boards & Directors

    Feb 24, 2017

    This publication has been updated as at January 12, 2023. Many organization (66%) store the personal information of customers. employees,…

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  • Confidentiality Risks of Doing Business With the Public Sector Just Got Riskier: Completed NS Access to Information Requests Go Online

    Jan 25, 2017

    Doing business with the public sector creates an often overlooked – but very real – risk that the confidential information a business…

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  • Canadians With U.S. Connections: Key Cross-Border Estate Planning Strategies

    Jan 20, 2017

    Connections between Canadians and the U.S. have never been as numerous or transparent as they are now: many Canadians own U.S. property, have…

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  • The Atlantic Link: 5 Key Questions About the Electrifying Opportunity to Connect to a New Renewable Energy Market

    Jan 13, 2017

    On January 11, 2017, Emera Inc. offered an electrifying opportunity for renewable energy developers to potentially access the New England…

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  • Don’t Sell Yet: How Principal Residence Exemption (PRE) Changes Affect Trusts

    Dec 22, 2016

    Effective January 1, 2017, the kinds of trusts that can claim the Principal Residence Exemption (PRE) will be limited. Now, the PRE allows…

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  • Time to Shine: Nova Scotia to Launch Solar Energy Pilot Program in 2017

    Dec 15, 2016

    On December 13, 2016, the Province of Nova Scotia released for comment draft regulations that will establish the Solar for Community Buildings…

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  • Supreme Court of Canada Speaks on the Rectification of Transactions

    Dec 14, 2016

    On December 9, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada clarified when a court can rectify a transaction that has had unintended tax consequences for…

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  • 10 Steps to Anticipate Citizens’ Challenges to New Developments

    Dec 7, 2016

    Recently, the Nova Scotia Supreme Court denied a motion for a temporary stay of proceedings to prevent the deployment of certain tidal devices…

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  • Supreme Court of Canada Says Privilege Wins Again – Twice in Lizotte v. Aviva Insurance Company of Canada & Alberta (Information and Privacy Commissioner) v. University of Calgary

    Nov 28, 2016

    On November 25, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada decided privilege wins again - twice. In two separate decisions - Lizotte v. Aviva Insurance…

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  • Supreme Court of Canada Warns Judgment Creditors: Implied Consent is Enough to Disclose Discharge Statement in Royal Bank of Canada v. Trang

    Nov 22, 2016

    On November 17, 2016 the Supreme Court of Canada decided a mortgagee has the mortgagor’s implied consent to disclose its discharge statement…

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  • Businessperson or “Business Visitor”: Canada’s Business Visitor Visa Rules

    Nov 22, 2016

    Canada’s most important trading relationship might undergo some change with the results of the 2016 U.S. election. Facilitating cross-border…

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  • Founders Shareholders’ Agreement: Key Considerations, Terms & Complementary Agreements

    Oct 21, 2016

    All shareholders – whether in a startup, a small or large business or a family-owned business – can benefit from a shareholders’…

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  • Protect Your Assets: An Intellectual Property (IP) Primer

    Oct 19, 2016

    We updated this publication on January 17, 2023. For many businesses, large and small, their “Intellectual Property” (IP) is one of their…

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  • 3 Key Employment Law Steps to Take Now to Help You Sell Later

    Oct 19, 2016

    Business owners wear many hats – including employer. Your employees may be your business’s greatest asset, but they could also be your…

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  • Limitation Periods: Avoiding Hitting the Reset Button in Tuck v. Supreme Holdings

    Aug 17, 2016

    The Newfoundland and Labrador Court of Appeal recently affirmed the test for confirming a cause of action and thus resetting a limitation period…

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  • Ontario Follows Suit With Securities Act Changes Tightening the Belt on Insider Trading Regulation

    Aug 15, 2016

    The standards expected of market participants are steadily increasing in response to demand to address white collar crime – including…

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  • Deciding Between Federal & Provincial Incorporation: 5 Key Considerations

    Aug 9, 2016

    This publication has been updated as at January 27, 2023. A key legal decision in starting or growing your business is choosing the…

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  • Supreme Court of Canada Sticks With Presumptive Jurisdiction Tests for Forum Non-Conveniens in Lapointe Rosenstein Marchand Melançon LLP v. Cassels Brock & Blackwell LLP

    Jul 19, 2016

    On July 15, 2016 the Supreme Court of Canada, in a long-awaited decision, resisted the invitation to re-write the traditional rules for the…

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    Publication
  • NS Dives into Pooled Registered Pension Plans (PRPP)

    Jun 30, 2016

    As of June 25, 2016, provincially regulated workers and employers in Nova Scotia, Quebec, BC and Saskatchewan can participate in Pooled…

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    Publication
  • Weigh Now or Weight Later: New Cargo Container Verified Gross Mass (VGM) Rules Effective July 1, 2016

    Jun 20, 2016

    As of July 1, 2016, packed cargo containers to which the International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), Chapter VI, Regulation…

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    Publication
  • Supreme Court of Canada Decides Income Tax Act Sections are Unconstitutional – and Strengthens Solicitor-Client Privilege in Canada (Attorney General) v. Chambre des notaires du Québec & Canada (National Revenue) v. Thompson

    Jun 6, 2016

    On June 3, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada, in two related decisions, strengthened the legal protection of solicitor-client privilege in…

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  • Get Your SEDAR Profile: Changes to Private Placement Filing Requirements Effective May 24 & June 30, 2016

    Jun 6, 2016

    On June 30, 2016, amendments to National Instrument 45-106 Prospectus Exemptions and related changes to Companion Policy 45-106 Prospectus…

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  • 3 Tips to Use “Forward-Looking Information” to Enhance Your Investor Relations

    May 31, 2016

    You’re on a tight timeline to issue a press release. You finish your draft and ‘cut & paste’ your standard “forward-looking…

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  • From Startup to Exit: 5 Key Stages of the Financing Lifecycle

    May 10, 2016

    This publication has been updated as at April 18, 2022. Access to sufficient capital is always a business issue, from the startup stage right…

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  • A Penalty by Any Other Name: Supreme Court of Canada Says Interest Rate Increase Triggered by Default, Whatever It’s Called, Infringes the Interest Act in Krayzel Corp. v. Equitable Trust Co.

    May 9, 2016

    On May 6, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada decided that a mortgage imposing a higher interest rate in the event of default and reserving a…

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  • 5 Key Changes to Early Warning Reporting System Effective May 9, 2016

    May 2, 2016

    Amendments changing the early warning reporting system take effect on May 9, 2016, provided all necessary approvals are obtained (except in…

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  • From Watershed Decision to Watershed Law: Government Proposes Physician-Assisted Dying Law in Bill C-14 An Act to amend the Criminal Code and to make related amendments to other Acts (medical assistance in dying)

    Apr 15, 2016

    On April 14, 2016, Canada’s federal Justice Minister proposed legislation setting out the conditions that a person wishing to undergo…

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  • The Small Business Deduction: Key Proposed Changes & Strategic Solutions

    Apr 12, 2016

    Federal Budget 2016 proposed to significantly reduce the benefit of and access to the Small Business Deduction. The Small Business Deduction…

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  • Doing Business With the Public Sector: Key Confidentiality Risks & 3 Risk Management Strategies

    Mar 24, 2016

    When a business responds to a public sector Request for Proposal or Expression of Interest (both of which we’ll refer to as an RFP for these…

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  • Doe 464533 v. D.: Business Implications of the Civil Privacy Claim for “Public Disclosure of Private Facts”

    Jan 27, 2016

    On January 21, 2016, the Ontario Superior Court of Justice dramatically expanded the scope of legal privacy protection – and the liability…

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  • Ontario Court Provides Guidelines to Balance Privacy Rights & “Tower Dumps” in R v. Rogers Communications

    Jan 18, 2016

    On January 14, 2016, the Ontario Superior Court decided that Canadians have a clear privacy interest in their records of their cellular…

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  • Tax Implications of Personal Services Businesses (PSB) Status & Strategies to Avoid It

    Oct 23, 2015

    Incorporation offers legal advantages to sole proprietors of small businesses, including certain tax advantages. However, when a corporation…

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  • New Kid on the Block: Crowdfunding Joins Traditional Equity-Based Funding Options for Startups & SMEs

    Oct 19, 2015

    Access to sufficient capital to fund operations, research and development, and other costs is a key challenge for start-ups and for some small…

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  • Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL): The Top 3 Lessons Businesses Can Learn from Year 1

    Sep 29, 2015

    The anti-spam sections of Canada’s Anti-spam Legislation (CASL) took effect on July 1, 2014 amidst hype, controversy and dire warnings. Were…

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  • Invalidation of Bequest to Neo-Nazi Group as Against Public Policy Withstands Appeal

    Jul 30, 2015

    Note: On June 9, 2016, the Supreme Court of Canada dismissed the National Alliance’s application for leave to appeal the New Brunswick Court…

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  • A Glimpse Into The Future of Privacy Law: Medical Marijuana Privacy Breach Class Action Lawsuit Can Go Ahead in John Doe and Suzie Jones v. Her Majesty the Queen

    Jul 29, 2015

    On July 27, 2015, the Federal Court of Canada decided a lawsuit by medical marijuana program participants against the Federal Government…

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  • Bad Faith & Production of an Insurer’s Business Information: 4 Key Implications of the NB Court of Appeal’s Decision in Wade v. Wawanesa Ins. Co.

    Jul 21, 2015

    On July 16, 2015, the New Brunswick Court of Appeal ordered an insurer to produce a significant amount of its financial and business information…

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    Publication
  • The New NS Missing Persons Act: 5 Privacy Implications for Businesses, Organizations & Public Bodies

    Jun 2, 2015

    Effective April 22, 2015 the NS Government enacted the NS Missing Persons Act, lowering the threshold for police to get an order to access…

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    Publication
  • The Export/Import Journey: 3 Key Ways Choosing a Free Trade Agreement Country Can Simplify the Trip

    Apr 2, 2015

    The market for the sale and the supply of goods is a global one for many businesses in today’s economy. Both exporting goods from Canada and…

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  • Wait a Minute Mr. Postman … 3 Lessons Health Canada’s Privacy Breach Delivers to the Private Sector

    Mar 25, 2015

    On March 3, 2015 Canada’s Privacy Commissioner determined that Health Canada breached privacy laws by mailing letters to over 40,000 Marihuana…

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    Publication
  • No Messing Around – $1.1M First Penalty for Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) Violations by Compu-Finder

    Mar 6, 2015

    On March 5, 2015, the Canadian Radio and Television Commission (the CRTC, the main agency charged with administering and enforcing most of CASL)…

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    Publication
  • Final Form of New NS Limitation of Actions Act: “Sudden Death” Limitation is Out for Personal Injury Claims

    Feb 18, 2015

    The new NS Limitations of Actions Act – the legislation that determines the limitation period (time limit) in which a lawsuit must be started…

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    Publication
  • No More Criminalization of Physician-Assisted Dying: The Ripple Effects of A Watershed Decision in Carter v. Canada (Attorney General)

    Feb 9, 2015

    NOTE: On April 14, 2016, the federal government proposed legislation setting out the conditions that a person wishing to undergo…

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  • Privacy in Basic Cell Phones: SCC Continues Trend of Privacy Protection in R. v. Fearon

    Dec 11, 2014

    On December 11, 2014 the Supreme Court of Canada continued its trend to recognize privacy rights – and develop the law to protect them –…

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    Publication
  • Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) Software Installation Sections: 10 FAQs

    Dec 11, 2014

    On January 15, 2015, the software provisions of Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) will take effect.  CASL’s anti-spam sections, touted…

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    Publication
  • Complying with Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL): A blueprint for the construction industry

    Dec 1, 2014

    The construction industry - project owners, contractors, subcontractors and trades - might be relaxing, ignoring the hype around Canada’s…

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  • Thou Shalt Not Lie: SCC Recognizes New Duty of Honesty in Contract Law in Bhasin v. Hrynew

    Nov 14, 2014

    On November 13, 2014, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) effected a significant development in Canadian contract law by recognizing the…

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  • NS Proposes New Limitation of Actions Act: The 3 Top Benefits & The 10 Key Changes

    Nov 3, 2014

    Note: On November 20, 2014 the NS Government passed the final form of Bill 64, Limitations of Actions Act into law. The final form of the Act…

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  • Complying With Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL): Protecting Directors & Officers from Personal Liability

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  • The Top 5 Corporate Governance Best Practices That Benefit Every Company

    Sep 16, 2014

    This publication has been updated as at August 25, 2022. Many believe that only public companies or large, established companies with many…

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  • Canadian Treaty Shopping Proposal Shelved Pending Final OECD Recommendation, First To Be Released September 16

    Sep 11, 2014

    The Canadian federal government has been concerned for some time about “treaty shopping” by non-residents – the practice of non-residents…

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  • Changes to NB Rules of Court Effective October 1, 2014 Benefit Successful Party

    Sep 9, 2014

    Effective October 1, 2014, the New Brunswick Rules of Court will change – some Rules for the first time since they came into effect in 1982.…

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    Publication
  • Complying With Canada’s Anti-Spam Law (CASL) – Foreign Organizations Doing Business in Canada Need to Pay Attention

    Aug 1, 2014

    Most Canadians have heard about Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL): we’ve been bombarded with “CASL Compliant” emails asking us to…

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  • SCC Protects Internet Users’ Expectation of Privacy In Online Activities in R. v. Spencer

    Jun 16, 2014

    On June 13, 2014 the Supreme Court of Canada decided that Canadians have a reasonable expectation of privacy in their online activities, and…

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  • Counting Down to Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) – The Last Minute Guide to Preparing For CASL

    Jun 12, 2014

    The countdown to CASL is almost over: there are only 13 business days until the anti-spam provisions of CASL – and most of the penalties for…

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  • Joining the Crowd – NS & NB Consider Crowdfunding

    Jun 11, 2014

    Note: For an update on Crowdfunding, read: New Kid on the Block – Crowdfunding Joins Traditional Equity-Based Funding Options for Start-ups…

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  • Court Orders Feds to Reconsider Canadian Forces Housing Compensation Policy in Brauer v. The Queen

    May 26, 2014

    On May 23, 2014 the Federal Court of Canada decided the Federal Treasury Board Secretariat’s interpretation of the policy for compensating…

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    Publication
  • Counting Down to Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) –10 Steps to Prepare for CASL

    May 8, 2014

    On July 1, 2014 – less than two months from now - the anti-spam sections of Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) take effect. Individuals…

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    Publication
  • Counting Down to Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) – Does CASL Make You A “Spammer”?

    Apr 15, 2014

    The countdown to CASL is on: on July 1, 2014, the anti-spam sections of Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (“CASL”) take effect. Individuals…

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    Publication
  • Cloud Computing: A Privacy FAQ

    Mar 19, 2014

    As organizations turn to cloud computing services, ensuring compliance with legislation and reducing privacy risks is key. In Canada, there is…

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    Publication
  • Counting Down to Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL): 10 Reasons Why You Should Care About The Upcoming CASL Right Now

    Feb 28, 2014

    On July 1, 2014, the anti-spam sections of Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (aka “CASL”) will take effect. CASL is: Broad. It applies…

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    Publication
  • Counting Down to Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (CASL) – What You Need to Know Now

    Feb 28, 2014

    On July 1, 2014, the anti-spam sections of Canada’s Anti-Spam Legislation (aka “CASL”) take effect. CASL will apply to just about every…

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    Publication
  • Privacy in Computer Contents: Supreme Court of Canada Picks Up Where It Left Off in R. v. Vu

    Nov 8, 2013

    On November 7, 2013, the SCC decided police require specific authorization in a search warrant to search the data in a computer because of the…

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    Publication
  • Legal Update: Risky Trading – Insiders and Potential M&A’s

    Nov 1, 2013

    Recent decisions of securities regulators and amendments to Canadian securities laws demonstrate regulators' lowered tolerance for insiders who…

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  • General Security Agreements: Tips & Traps

    Aug 28, 2013

    A general security agreement (GSA) is the most common form of personal property security used in the Atlantic Provinces to secure commercial…

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  • Franchise Questions: What do I need to know about moving into new markets?

    Jun 7, 2013

    In Franchise Canada’s Spring 2013 “Viewpoints” feature, McInnes Cooper franchise lawyer Michael Melvin answers this question for…

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  • A Practical Analysis of “Material Fact”

    May 21, 2013

    In its April 2013 decision in Re Stan, the Alberta Securities Commission provides issuers with a practical approach to the assessment of both a…

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    Publication
  • Students with Learning Disabilities Have a Right to Education Comparable to that of the General Student Population in Moore v. British Columbia (Education)

    Jan 8, 2013

    On November 19, 2012, the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) unanimously ruled a B.C. public school system’s failure to provide adequate and…

    Read More
    Publication
  • Supreme Court of Canada Confirms Employees May Have a Limited Reasonable Expectation of Privacy In Work Computer in R. v. Cole

    Nov 28, 2012

    On October 19, 2012 the Supreme Court of Canada (SCC) decided that a teacher criminally charged with possession of child pornography and…

    Read More
    Publication
  • Legal Alert: SCC Finds Limited Reasonable Expectation of Privacy In Work Computer But Evidence Still Admissible

    Oct 22, 2012

    Mr. Cole was a high school teacher with an employer owned and issued laptop computer.  He also used it for incidental personal purposes, which…

    Read More
    Publication
  • Ontario Court of Appeal Finds Reasonable Expectation of Privacy in Work Computer

    May 6, 2011

    In March 2011, the Ontario Court of Appeal found that an employee had a limited expectation of privacy in the contents of a work computer. The…

    Read More
    Publication
  • Legal Update: Cloud Computing and Privacy FAQ

    Apr 7, 2011

    Note: Click here to read an updated version of this Legal Update in Cloud Computing: A Privacy FAQ as seen in as seen in CCCA Magazine, Spring…

    Read More
    Publication
  • A Closer Look at the Regulations Under the New Brunswick Franchises Act

    Oct 1, 2010

    McInnes Cooper franchise lawyer Michael Melvin highlights some of the significant features of the Disclosure Documents Regulation and the…

    Read More
    Publication
  • What are electronic disclosure documents and why and how may they be used?

    May 31, 2010

    In Franchise Canada’s May/June 2010 “Ask A Legal Expert” feature, McInnes Cooper franchise lawyer Michael Melvin answers this question for…

    Read More
    Publication
  • Contamination Claims: Long Tails or Just Dogs? Practical and Legal Issues of Litigation Contamination Slow-Leak Cases

    Mar 6, 2009

    “Contamination Claims: Long Tails or Just Dogs? Practical and Legal Issues of Litigating Contaminant Slow-Leak Cases”, Cdn Journal of…

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    Publication

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